Competition for sucrose-pellets in triads of male wistar rats: effects of acute and subchronic chloridazepoxide

Within triads of male Wistar rats, some animals almost completely abstain from competition for palatable sucrose pellets (so-called poor-performing rats), whereas other rats consistently win the competition (so-called high-performing rats). Subchronic (5 mg/kg; 5 consecutive days), but not acute (0.1–20 mg/kg), treatment with chlordiazepoxide temporarily helped poor-performing rats to behave more competitively. This finding, considered together with parallel studies (using high-performing rats), suggested that chloridazepoxide's beneficial effect was only demonstrable when the poor-performing rats had become tolerant to the drug's initial sedative effect.     

The interaction between child sex and temperament in predicting behavior problems of preschool-age children in day care

Teachers in three day care programs completed temperament questionnaires and behavior problem checklists for 133 preschool-age children. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients were calculated between the temperament and behavior problem scores for boys and girls. The results indicated that correlations between temperament and behavior problem variables were generally higher for boys than girls. A pattern emerged in which boys who were rated by teachers as more active and distractible and less adaptable were also perceived to be more anxious/fearful.     

Dynamic imaging for swallowing reeducation

Dynamic imaging is frequently indispensable for the rational treatment of disordered swallowing. The effects of test feeding techniques, bolus modification, patient positioning, and respiratory maneuvers are all best documented by visualizing and recording the swallowing of radiopacified boluses. What is seen becomes the basis of patients' reeducation in swallowing. Greatest effectiveness results when the radiologic examination is shared with those responsible for the patient's rehabilitation in swallowing.     

Neuroendocrinology and ECT: A review of recent developments

The experience of more than four decades finds that the repeated and spaced induction of seizures (convulsive therapy) relieves the symptoms of severe depressive mood disorders, particularly those accompanied by vegetative symptoms. Neuroendocrine abnormalities characterize patients with primary depression (melancholia) and these abnormalities are reversed by convulsive therapy. Tests of neuroendocrine functions provide criteria for the classification of such cases, and probably will become useful in identifying patients suitable for convulsive therapy.We postulate that the antidepressant efficacy of convulsive therapy results from the increased release and more widespread cerebral distribution of hypothalamic peptides with behavioral effects. Such a hypothesis provides a basis for clinical trials of centrally active peptides in cases of primary depression; for the study of neuroendocrine functions as predictors of outcome and of the duration of a course of convulsive therapy; and for the search for a biochemical substitute for convulsive therapy.     

Chin rub CRs are elicited by flavors associated with apomorphine, scopolamine, methscopolamine, physostigmine and neostigmine

Three experiments were conducted in order to determine the pattern of behavioral conditioned responses (CRs) elicited by flavors paired with each of various drugs which effectively establish avoidance of a flavored solution. Each of the drugs employed supported both chin rub CRs and avoidance of a flavored solution. Experiment 1 employed apomorphine, a classic emetic agent which pharmacologically acts as a dopaminergic agonist. Experiment 2 and 3 employed cholinergic agonists and antagonists which were either peripherally or both peripherally and centrally acting agents. The results suggest that chin rub CRs may be produced by means of the activation of a system which is peripheral to the CNS. Furthermore, flavor avoidance produced by drugs which support chin rub CRs may be mediated by a shift in the hedonic rating of the flavored solution; whereas, flavor avoidance produced by drugs which do not support chin rub CRs is probably mediated by a mechanism other than a hedonic shift.     

Treatment of nocturnal headbanging by behavioral contracting

A treatment program for the successful elimination of the nocturnal headbanging syndrome (NHS) in a 16-year-old male is described. The therapy consisted mostly of (a) providing the client immediate feedback on the occurance of NHS, and (b) making available contracted rewards for satisfying NHS-free sleep periods. The case is noteworthy because environmental conditions, particularly the mother-son relationship, were pronounced in the history and course of the NHS. After six meetings over an eight-month period there was a marked reduction of the original presenting condition.     

圆柱面上测地线的几种求解方法

根据测地线的数学，几何性质构建几何求解圆柱面上测地线的方法，其中所构综合分析法更具直观且不失一般性，为求解旋转曲面上测地线提供了一种模式。     

Behavioral Dysfunction and Cognitive Efficiency in Male and Female Alcoholics

This study was conducted to examine the role of childhood behavioral disorders (CBDs) and residual attention deficit disorder (AD-DRT) in alcohol-related cognitive dysfunction in male and female subjects. Alcoholic (n = 44 females, 56 males) and control (n = 40 females, 40 males) subjects completed assessments that included measures of CBDs, ADDRT, and cognitive and psychosocial functioning. Cognitive tests were specifically designed to assess efficiency in function. As expected, alcoholics were inferior to controls in their cognitive efficiency [F(1,171) = 10.43, p = 0.0015]. Alcoholics reported more CBDs [F(1,161) = 12.02, p = 0.0007], regardless of sex. They also reported more ADDRT [F(1,173) = 44.12, p = O.OOOl] than did controls. There were also sex [F(l,173) = 13.31, p = 0.0004] and group by sex effects [F(1,173) = 3.93, p = 0.051. Female alcoholics reported more ADDRT symptoms than any other group. Regression equations conducted to clarify the relation between group, sex, CBDs, ADDRT, and cognitive efficiency indicated that the best predictor of cognitive efficiency was group classification (alcoholic versus control). That is, although symptoms of behavioral disorders were reported significantly more frequently by both male and female alcoholic subjects, these symptoms could not account for the cognitive impairment observed in either sex.